The phrase "application of these techniques" refers to putting into practice or using a particular set of methods, approaches, or procedures. It can mean implementing specific strategies or tools in order to achieve a desired outcome or solve a problem. The term is often used in the context of scientific research, where it describes how certain experimental techniques are applied to gather data and test hypotheses. In other fields such as business management or education, "application of these techniques" can refer to utilizing specific skills or strategies to improve performance or achieve objectives. Overall, this phrase highlights the practical application of knowledge and expertise in order to make something work more effectively or efficiently.